# Closed systems with compositional change

The internal energy in eq. dE = TdSpdV from Maxwell Relations is a function of only two independent variables, E = E(S,V), when dealing with a single phase, single-component system. When a compositional change is possible, i.e., for multicomponent systems, internal energy must also be a function of the number of moles of each of the N components:

$E = E(S,V,{n_1},{n_2},...{n_N})\qquad \qquad(1)$

Expanding eq. (1) in terms of each independent variable, while holding all other properties constant, produces the following:

$dE = {\left( {\frac{{\partial E}}{{\partial S}}} \right)_{V,{n_i}}}dS + {\left( {\frac{{\partial E}}{{\partial V}}} \right)_{S,{n_i}}}dV + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{{\left( {\frac{{\partial E}}{{\partial {n_i}}}} \right)}_{S,V,{n_{j \ne i}}}}d{n_i}} \qquad \qquad(2)$

Where ji. The first two terms on the right side of eq. (2) refer to conditions of constant composition, as represented by eq. dE = TdSpdV from Maxwell Relations. Comparing eqs. (2) and dE = TdSpdV, the coefficients of the first two terms in eq. (2) are

${\left( {\frac{{\partial E}}{{\partial S}}} \right)_{V,{n_i}}} = T\qquad \qquad(3)$

${\left( {\frac{{\partial E}}{{\partial V}}} \right)_{S,{n_i}}} = - p\qquad \qquad(4)$

The third term on the right-hand side of eq. (2) corresponds to the effects of the presence of multiple components. The chemical potential can be defined as

${\mu _i} = {\left( {\frac{{\partial E}}{{\partial {n_i}}}} \right)_{S,V,{n_{j \ne i}}}}\qquad \qquad(5)$

Therefore, the above expanded fundamental equation for a multicomponent system, as seen in eq. (2), can be rewritten as

$dE = TdS - pdV + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{\mu _i}d{n_i}} \qquad \qquad(6)$

which is known as the internal energy representation of the fundamental thermodynamic equation of multi-component systems. Other representations can be directly obtained from eq. (6) by using the definitions of enthalpy (H = E + pV), Helmholtz free energy (F = ETS) and Gibbs free energy (G = ETS + pV), i.e.,

$dH = Vdp + TdS + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{\mu _i}d{n_i}} \qquad \qquad(7)$

$dF = - SdT - pdV + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{\mu _i}d{n_i}} \qquad \qquad(8)$

$dG = Vdp - SdT + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{\mu _i}d{n_i}} \qquad \qquad(9)$

It is therefore readily determined from eqs. (7) – (9) that other expressions of chemical equilibrium exist; these are

${\mu _i} = {\left( {\frac{{\partial H}}{{\partial {n_i}}}} \right)_{p,S,{n_{j \ne i}}}} = {\left( {\frac{{\partial F}}{{\partial {n_i}}}} \right)_{T,V,{n_{j \ne i}}}} = {\left( {\frac{{\partial G}}{{\partial {n_i}}}} \right)_{T,p,{n_{j \ne i}}}}\qquad \qquad(10)$

In addition, the following expressions for the fundamental thermodynamic properties are valid:

$T = {\left( {\frac{{\partial E}}{{\partial S}}} \right)_{V,{n_i}}} = {\left( {\frac{{\partial H}}{{\partial S}}} \right)_{p,{n_i}}}\qquad \qquad(11)$

$- p = {\left( {\frac{{\partial E}}{{\partial V}}} \right)_{S,{n_i}}} = {\left( {\frac{{\partial F}}{{\partial V}}} \right)_{T,{n_i}}}\qquad \qquad(12)$

$V = {\left( {\frac{{\partial H}}{{\partial p}}} \right)_{S,{n_i}}} = {\left( {\frac{{\partial G}}{{\partial p}}} \right)_{T,{n_i}}}\qquad \qquad(13)$

which will be very useful in stability analysis in the next subsection.

## References

Faghri, A., and Zhang, Y., 2006, Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Systems, Elsevier, Burlington, MA.